The Public Health Approach to Prevent Gun Violence | Center for Gun Violence Solutions (2024)

1Three-year average,2019-2021.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. Underlying Cause of Death.Available:https://wonder.cdc.gov/ucd-icd10-expanded.html.

2Song Z, Zubizarreta JR, & Giuriato M. (2022). Changes inhealth care spending, use, and clinical outcomes after nonfatal firearm injuries among survivors and family members.Annals of Internal Medicine.https://doi.org/10.7326/M21-2812

3Three-year average, 2019-2021.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. Underlying Cause of Death. Available:https://wonder.cdc.gov/ucd-icd10-expanded.html.

4Three-year average, 2019-2021.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. Underlying Cause of Death. Available:https://wonder.cdc.gov/ucd-icd10-expanded.html.

5Schnippel K, Burd-Sharps S, Miller T, Lawrence B, Swedler DL. (2021). Nonfatal firearm injuries by intent in the United States: 2016-2018 Hospital Discharge Records from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project.Western Journal of Emergency Medicine: Integrating Emergency Care with Population Health.https://doi.org/10.5811/westjem.2021.3.51925

6National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, CDC.WISQARS Years of Potential Life Lost (YPLL) Report.Available:https://www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars/index.html

7Three-year average, 2019-2021.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. Underlying Cause of Death. Available:https://wonder.cdc.gov/ucd-icd10-expanded.html.

8Three-year average, 2019-2021.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. Underlying Cause of Death. Available:https://wonder.cdc.gov/ucd-icd10-expanded.html.

9Conner A, Azrael D, & Miller M. (2019). Suicide case-fatality rates in the United States, 2007 to 2014: A nationwide population-based study.Annals of Internal Medicine.

10AnglemyerA, Horvath T, & Rutherford G. (2014). The accessibility of firearms and risk for suicide and homicide victimization among household members: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Annals of Internal Medicine.

11Three-year average, 2019-2021.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. Underlying Cause of Death. Available:https://wonder.cdc.gov/ucd-icd10-expanded.html.

12Three-year average, 2019-2021.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. Underlying Cause of Death. Available:https://wonder.cdc.gov/ucd-icd10-expanded.html.

13AnglemyerA, Horvath T, & Rutherford G. (2014).The accessibility of firearms and risk for suicide and homicide victimization among household members: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Annals of Internal Medicine.

14Dahlberg LL, Ikeda RM, &KresnowMJ. (2004).Guns in the home and risk of a violent death in the home: findings from a national study.American Journal of Epidemiology.

15Choron R, Spitzer S, &SakranJV. (2019).Firearm violence in America: is there a solution?Advances in Surgery.

16ZeoliAM, Malinski R, &TurchanB. (2016).Risks and targeted interventions: Firearms in intimate partner violence.Epidemiologic Reviews.

17Sorenson SB, &SchutRA. (2018).Nonfatal Gun Use in Intimate Partner Violence: A Systematic Review of the Literature.Trauma, Violence, & Abuse.

18Campbell JC, Webster D,Koziol-McLain J, Block C, Campbell D, Curry MA… &LaughonK. (2003).Risk factors for femicide in abusive relationships: results from a multisite case control study.American Journal of Public Health.

19Fatal Force database. (2020).Washington Post.

20Fatal Force database. (2020).Washington Post.

21Average annual nonfatal shootings by police, 2018-2020.Ward, J. A. (2023).Beyond Urban Fatalities: An Analysis of Shootings by Police in the United States(Doctoral dissertation, Johns Hopkins University).

22Three-year average, 2019-2021.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. Underlying Cause of Death. Available:https://wonder.cdc.gov/ucd-icd10-expanded.html.

23Three-year average, 2019-2021.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. Underlying Cause of Death. Available:https://wonder.cdc.gov/ucd-icd10-expanded.html.

24SolnickSJ, & Hemenway D. (2019).Unintentional firearm deaths in the United States 2005–2015.Injury Epidemiology.

25Three-year average, 2019-2021. Gun Violence Archive. (2023). Available:https://www.gunviolencearchive.org/.

26Three-year average, 2019-2021. Gun Violence Archive. (2023). Available:https://www.gunviolencearchive.org/.

27Gun Violence Archive. (2023). Available:https://www.gunviolencearchive.org/.

28Reeping PM, Cerda M, Kalesan B, Wiebe DJ, Galea S, & Branas CC. (2019). State gun laws, gun ownership, and mass shootings in the US: Cross sectional time series.BMJ Journal.https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.l542

29Schnippel K, Burd-Sharps S, Miller T, Lawrence B, Swedler DL. (2021). Nonfatal firearm injuries by intent in the United States: 2016-2018 Hospital Discharge Records from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project.Western Journal of Emergency Medicine: Integrating Emergency Care with Population Health.https://doi.org/10.5811/westjem.2021.3.51925

30Schnippel K, Burd-Sharps S, Miller T, Lawrence B, Swedler DL. (2021). Nonfatal firearm injuries by intent in the United States: 2016-2018 Hospital Discharge Records from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project.Western Journal of Emergency Medicine: Integrating Emergency Care with Population Health.https://doi.org/10.5811/westjem.2021.3.51925

31Avraham JB,FrangosSG, & DiMaggio CJ. (2018).The epidemiology of firearm injuries managed in US emergency departments. Injury Epidemiology.

32Schnippel K, Burd-Sharps S, Miller T, Lawrence B, Swedler DL. (2021). Nonfatal firearm injuries by intent in the United States: 2016-2018 Hospital Discharge Records from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project.Western Journal of Emergency Medicine: Integrating Emergency Care with Population Health.https://doi.org/10.5811/westjem.2021.3.51925

33One in Five Adults Say They’ve Had a Family Member Killed by a Gun, Including Suicide, and One in Six Have Witnessed a Shooting; Among Black Adults, a Third Have Experienced Each. (2023). KFF. Available:https://www.kff.org/other/press-release/one-in-five-adults-say-theyve-had-a-family-member-killed-by-a-gun-including-suicide-and-one-in-six-have-witnessed-a-shooting-among-black-adults-a-third-have-experienced-each/

34One in Five Adults Say They’ve Had a Family Member Killed by a Gun, Including Suicide, and One in Six Have Witnessed a Shooting; Among Black Adults, a Third Have Experienced Each. (2023). KFF. Available:https://www.kff.org/other/press-release/one-in-five-adults-say-theyve-had-a-family-member-killed-by-a-gun-including-suicide-and-one-in-six-have-witnessed-a-shooting-among-black-adults-a-third-have-experienced-each/

35One-third of US Adults say fear of mass shootings prevents them from going to certain places or events. (2019) American Psychological Association. Press Release. https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/2019/08/fear-mass-shooting

36Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Division of Violence Prevention.The Public Health Approach to Violence Prevention.

37World Health Organization. Violence Prevention Alliance.The Public Health Approach.

38AnglemyerA, Horvath T, & Rutherford G. (2014).The accessibility of firearms and risk for suicide and homicide victimization among household members: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Annals of Internal Medicine.

39Consortium for Risk‐Based Firearm Policy. (2013).Guns, public health, and mental illness: An evidence-based approach for state policy.

40Consortium for Risk‐Based Firearm Policy. (2023).Alcohol Misuse and Gun Violence: An Evidence-Based Approach for State Policy. Available:https://riskbasedfirearmpolicy.org/reports/alcohol-misuse-and-gun-violence-an-evidence-based-approach-for-state-policy/

41Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2019).Risk and Protective Factors.

42Sampson RJ. (2012).Great American city: Chicago and the enduring neighborhood effect.University of Chicago Press.

43Frieden TR. (2010).A framework for public health action: the health impact pyramid.American journal of public health.

44Frieden, TR. (2010). A framework for public health action: The health impact pyramid.American Journal of Public Health.https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2009.185652

45Hemenway D, & Miller M. (2013).Public health approach to the prevention of gun violence.New England Journal of Medicine.

46Traffic Safety Facts: A Compilation of Motor Vehicle Crash Data. (2020).Annual Report Tables.National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.Available:

47 On 50th anniversary of ralphnader’s‘unsafe at any speed,’ safety group reports auto safety regulation has saved 3.5 million lives.(2015).The Nation.

48Research on Extreme Risk Protection Orders: An Evidence-Based Policy That Saves Lives. (2023). Johns Hopkins Center for Gun Violence Solutions. Available:https://publichealth.jhu.edu/sites/default/files/2023-02/research-on-extreme-risk-protection-orders.pdf

49Azad HA, Monuteaux MC, Rees CA, Siegel M, Mannix R, Lee LK, Sheehan KM, & Fleegler EW. (2020). Child Access Prevention firearm laws and firearm fatalities among children aged 0 to 14 Years, 1991-2016.JAMA Pediatrics.https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapediatrics/fullarticle/2761305

50Webster DW, Vernick JS, Zeoli AM, & Manganello JA. (2004). Association between youth-focused firearm laws and youth suicides.Jama Network.https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/199194

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