Journal articles: 'Chinese language edition' – Grafiati (2024)

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The Qing Overview Maps of the Imperial Territories are heterogeneous in nature: from the production process and production techniques to the different languages and scripts in the finished works, each complete edition is different from the others. This article focuses on the heterogeneity found in the usage of the Manchu language, which functions as the descriptive language of the Outer parts of the empire in all editions of the Overview Maps. After the transcriptions of toponyms, synonymous head addition occurs; e.g. in the Manchu transcription hvwang ho bira (Yellow River), both the Chinese character he 河 transcribed in Manchu script as ho and the Manchu bira mean ‘river’. The use of the Manchu language separates the Outer from the Inner regions, but it takes varying forms; Manchu is even written in Chinese characters in several editions, and it conceals a profound variety of languages used in toponyms across the maps. Through a comparison between the different editions, Manchu emerges not merely as a tool to accurately represent geographical space and names, but also as a way to idealize the division of space in the empire.

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The internationalization of literature manifests achievement of source language literature and witnesses the target language readers’ requirement of understanding the source language country. Moreover, it reflects the developments and changes on international strategies and relationships. The translation of Chinese literature to Spanish began from 1949, but the first translation from Chinese original edition arose in 1978. Taciana Fisac is one of the first Chinese-Spanish translators in Spain. All her translations were translated from Chinese original edition since Lu Xun’s “Argument” and “Such soldiers” in 1982. Although it is much more difficult, this translation mode is closer to target reader’s habit, and forms personal translation method. This methodology requires translator’s overall grasp and connoisseurship of source literature as well as literature expression and culture delivery ability in target language. Besides, it not only pays attention to source language literatures narrative style, but also considers target language reader’s reception psychology and expression. Taciana Fisac’s translation enriched theory of literature<br />translation, and made significant contribution for internationalization of Chinese modern and contemporary literature.

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Abstract Individuals inevitably have their own perception of Singapore’s bilingual education policy, especially those who experienced its formation and history from the pre-independence days of the 1950s to the 1980s. The book, My Lifelong Challenge: Singapore’s Bilingual Journey by Lee Kuan Yew, the founding Prime Minister of Singapore, provides much information and insights into this part of history. Through the comparison of the English and Chinese editions, this paper discusses the poetics, patronage and ideological differences related to the reasons for the translation and rewriting by Lee Kuan Yew of the Chinese edition. It suggests that Lee Kuan Yew had different intentions for the English and Chinese editions in relation to the respective readerships; as regards the English readership, the author intends the readers to gain knowledge of the historical background and to emphasize to them the importance of Mother Tongue; as regards the Chinese readership, he seeks to address any misunderstandings and misgivings towards the government that this group of readers may have and to gain their support for the bilingual policy.

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The Hanyu Shuiping Kaoshi (HSK) test is a standardized Chinese language proficiency test targeting non-native speakers. Compared with other Chinese proficiency tests, the HSK has the largest test population in the world and has attracted the most academic research. This article examines how the HSK was carried out during the Covid-19 pandemic and the issues facing home-based HSK test, the so-called HSK Home Edition. The results of a primary survey showed that the majority of test centres in Europe opted to implement the traditional paper-based format of the HSK during the Covid-19 pandemic, despite the availability of the HSK Home Edition. Concerns related to technical and security issues were among the major factors that hindered successful implementation of the Home Edition. Of the test centres that utilised the Home Edition, they rated their overall experience as satisfactory. This finding suggests that concerns relating to technical and security issues associated with the adoption of the Home Edition may be less daunting than anticipated. Additional training for test centre staff could improve the implementation of the Home Edition.

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The POS tagging in the 5th edition of the CCD has been revised in the 6th and the 7th editions. The noun POS of most sports and science lexemes are deleted, and their senses of noun (self-referential senses) are included into verbs. However, most of these lexemes can be used as nouns intuitively, and their noun POS and senses should exist. Based on the grammatical functions of words (Xv & Tang, 2006) and the two-level word class categorization theory (Wang, 2014), this study conducts a corpus-based case study of a science lexeme “guina”. The result shows that “guina” not only has self-referential usage, but has high token frequency, with 133 occurrences accounting for 42.8% of the total usages, and rich type frequency widely distributed in “guina + (of) + NP “,” NP + (of) + guina” and “VP + guina”, which conforms to the criterion of conventionalization. Therefore, it is necessary to tag the noun POS and to set up the self-referential sense for “guina”. This research has an implication for solving the POS tagging problem of self-referential lexemes in the CCD.

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The article is devoted to the study of the image of China in the Russian-language texts of blogs about Chinese painting. The purpose of this study is to determine the descriptive aspects of the art forms studied, as well as the linguistic and non-linguistic ways of forming a fragment of Chinese image. The material comes from the blogs about Chinese painting published on the online platform LiveJournal and in the online edition Magazeta.The relevance of the work is due to the interest in the humanities in the media image of China. In the process of analyzing empirical material, the methods of contextual analysis and media-linguistic analysis are used. The materials studied reveal five main aspects of Chinese painting description: the status of painting in Chinese and world culture; content and genres of Chinese painting; artist status and skill; perception of Chinese painting through the eyes of another cultural representative; the painting elements of Chinese painting in the text. It reveals the language means of forming the unique part of Chinese art and the functions of the visual components in blog texts. It is concluded that China is presented in Russian-language blogs as an amazing country with an ancient and unique culture, with deep symbolism of various philosophical concepts.

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English is assuming the role of an international language in the world. Based on the contemporary context of English as an international language, this study establishes an analytical framework based on Yuen’s classification criteria for cultural content and draws on Kachru’s concentric circle model to analyze the features of culture presentation in the new edition of China’s senior high school English textbooks. It was found that the cultural content in the new edition of China’s senior high school English textbooks is no longer dominated by Inner-Circle culture, and the proportion of Chinese culture is almost balanced with that of Inner-Circle category, but there is still an imbalance in the proportion of cultural content across different cultural content categories. Based on the findings of this study, recommendations are given regarding teachers’ employment of textbooks and textbook development.

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Abstract Based on a corpus of 200 articles from the People’s Daily and the People’s Daily Overseas Edition collected from 2010 to 2012, we examined the representation of English, applying framing theory (Chong & Druckman, 2007). The results indicate four dominant frames shared by both newspapers: exclusion/oppression, warfare/protection, yardstick/benchmark, and bridge/needs. Both papers perceive the English language as a resource while constructing a Chinese identity fundamentally in competition with a Western identity reinforced by the English language. However, while both papers project the image of China as a unified, benign country proud of its linguistic and cultural heritage, the Overseas Edition seems more conscious in representing China as a motherland in need of protection from the threatening socio-cultural force of English. The article seeks to contribute to the growing body of research on language and identity in China, English and globalization, and the perception of English in the expanding circle.

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Since the outbreak of COVID-19, traditional Chinese medicine has achieved great success in the global anti-epidemic cause and the construction of human health community, and has gradually become a business card for Chinese traditional Chinese medicine culture to step onto the world stage. In the post-epidemic era, the international communication and exchange of traditional Chinese medicine will become more and more frequent, and English translation of traditional Chinese medicine as the key to its external communication. Accurate English translation of traditional Chinese medicine can not only express the connotation of basic Chinese medicine terms and convey the medical concept of traditional Chinese medicine, but also promote the concept of health preservation of traditional Chinese medicine and carry forward the characteristic therapy of traditional Chinese medicine. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has a remarkable curative effect in every stage of COVID-19 prevention and treatment. In order to let the world see the anti-epidemic effect of TCM, China has formulated a TCM diagnosis and treatment plan for COVID-19 epidemic, and shared the successful experience of TCM anti-epidemic with the world. In order to further analyze the current situation and problems of Chinese medicine translation in international communication in the post-epidemic era, this paper will analyze and study the English version of novel coronavirus Chinese Medicine Treatment Plan (7th Edition for Trial Implementation) (hereinafter referred to as the 7th Edition Plan) from the perspective of language dimension, cultural dimension and communication dimension in the theory of eco-translatology, and propose corresponding solutions to the problems to help the international communication of Chinese medicine.

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In the Qing compilation Luoluo Yiyu there are preserved precious materials of the Loloish language and script of mid-18th century Liangshan. The version in Ōtani University has proved to be the definitive edition for Imperial reading, but as the last copyist was not literate in Loloish, his writing forms and glyph arrangements were influenced by Chinese instead of Lolos. Some entries in the Luoluo Yiyu can be successfully deciphered according to modern Liangshan Standard Yi Script and the Xide dialect of the Yi language.

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Based on people-oriented moral education, the Key Competency of Chinese Students’ Development highlights the importance of cultivating students’ key competency, which means that students should have the essential character and core ability to adjust lifelong development and meet the demand of social development. According to the High School English Curriculum Standard (2017 Edition), key competency in English refers to language ability, thinking quality, cultural character and learning ability. And on the basis of multiliteracies pedagogy, linguistic symbols and non-linguistic symbols are combined together to create a multimodal teaching environment. And students will obtain new knowledge through four main stages: situated practice, overt instruction, critical framing and transferred practice, leading students mobilize their multiple senses together when learning English and help improve their comprehensive competence, which is in line with cultivating students’ key competency in English. This paper will firstly make a brief introduction of key competency in English based on the High School English Curriculum Standard (2017 Edition) and analyze typical views of multiliteracies pedagogy, then take the reading passage, Learning English from Unit5 Languages around the World, compulsory I, PEP as an example, applying multiliteracies pedagogy to English class, in order to cultivate students’ key competency in English to some extent through multiliteracy training.

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The paper concentrates on the description of a written monument of Chinese aesthetic thought - the anthology “Notes from the Cabinet of Chan Painting” by the politician, artist, calligrapher and art theorist of the end of the Ming era (1368-1644) Dong Qichang (1555-1636). Two woodblock printed editions of this anthology dated 1720 and 1911 are preserved in the Chinese collection of the Institute of Oriental Manuscripts of the Russian Academy of Sciences and so far remain understudied. The paper considers the possible translations of the title of the book into the Russian and English languages, investigates the history of different publications of the monument, describes the formal features of block books, and conducts a comparative analysis of existing editions. The discovered textual discrepancies between different editions of the anthology make it clear that in the Qing era (1644-1912) “Notes” experienced the harmful influence of the “literary inquisition”, not having escaped the fate of many works of the Ming era. A textual and comprehensive analysis of several fragments shows that the earlier edition of 1720 has greater completeness and integrity. In addition, even a formal examination of the monument makes it possible to identify a whole range of historical problems, not related directly to aesthetic thought, which can be studied with the use of the “Notes” as a source. Such issues include the historyof art collecting by Chinese nobles, the socio-economic and political development of late Ming China, the relationships between the Ming Empire and the Manchus, the problem of censorship in the Qing era, etc.

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The English Curriculum Criteria for Regular High School (2017 Edition) proposes the concept of core competence for English subject, which mainly includes language competence, cultural awareness, thinking quality and learning ability. Text interpretation is the bridge to implement the cultivation of students’ core competence. Therefore, following an analysis of the current misunderstandings in text interpretation, the current study proposed a modified framework for text interpretation based on a discussion of two text interpretation frameworks proposed by Chinese scholars.

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This article takes the case of the Vietnamese Cao Dai religion to examine how Asian religious leaders and translators, in a context of colonial modernity, invested a European language with their own cosmologies and discourses, building both a national identity and an alternative spiritual universalism. Studies of translation in colonial contexts have tended to focus on the processes and impact of translating European texts and ideas into the languages of the colonized. This article discusses the inverse process, examining how Caodai textual production used French spiritist language and tropes to occult its Chinese roots, translating Daoist cosmology into a universalist and anti-colonial spiritual discourse rooted in Vietnamese nationalism. These shifts are examined through a close examination of translingual practices in the production and translation of the core esoteric scripture of Caodaism, theĐại Thừa Chơn Giáo 大乘真教(The True Teachings of the Great Vehicle), rendered in its 1950 Vietnamese-French edition asThe Bible of the Great Cycle of Esotericism.This study demonstrates how colonial religious institutions and networks of circulation in Asia stimulate the emergence of new movements and textual practices that mimic, invert, jumble, and transcend the cosmologies of both the Chinese imperium and the European colonial regime.

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The series of textbooks of the Integrated Course of New College English (Second Edition) was conceived at the end of the last century. The first edition was published at the beginning of the new century and the second in 2010. Due to the long period of time, the selection of materials in the textbook is not well integrated with the localized Chinese culture and is missing content closely related to traditional Chinese culture and Civic Education, etc. The paper puts forward constructive suggestions on how to use the Integrated Course in an innovative way. Firstly, from the perspective of moral education, it is suggested that the moral education elements in the textbook be sorted out and matched with socialist core values and that the ideological and political education of the curriculum is achieved through explicit interpretation of the unit themes and implicit infiltration into language ontology teaching. Secondly, through teaching for learning and learning for research, students are encouraged to participate in innovative and entrepreneurial projects for university students, realizing the extension of university English classroom teaching to extra-curricular research, deepening the content of the teaching materials, and thus cultivating students' innovative thinking and entrepreneurial abilities.

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This paper discusses the translation and classification of Chinese address terms by selecting a representative film with a range of contexts. The data for this study were collected from a Chinese comedy film Happiness Around the Corner screened in 2018 with a length of 91.34 minutes. This film was chosen firstly because it was highly rated by the Chinese mainstream media People’s Daily Overseas Edition for its conveying of positive energy in a humorous manner. Furthermore, considering a range of contexts and interlocutors in this film, the data collected from this film would be sufficient to reach the expected goals of the study. This study employs a qualitative approach to explore a proper classification of Chinese contemporary address terms. The Chinese address terms found in the selected film were classified into seven types: namely nickname, professional title, kinship terms, fictive kinship terms, professional title with surname, offensive address terms and full name. The findings show that professional title, nickname and kinship terms appeared with higher frequency than offensive address terms and full name in this film, which could be explained from the perspective of sociolinguistics. Literal plus liberal translation strategies are recommended to translate address terms using hom*ophonic puns, and equivalent words in target language are advised in most cases. These findings could not only throw light on the classification of address terms in Chinese, but also promote translation studies.

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The purpose of this article is to highlight how cultural considerations impact assessment and diagnostic decision making. This article addresses the steps involved in conducting a culturally sensitive, comprehensive evaluation of social communication skills using the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule-2nd Edition (ADOS-2). This evaluation was conducted with a 13-year-old, bilingual Cantonese-English speaking teenage girl. She had a history of atypical social behaviors and language disorder, diagnosed at age two. Her complex social difficulties were previously overlooked by professionals and misunderstood as related to her Chinese culture and/or prior history of language disorder. Conducting a culturally appropriate assessment was further complicated by the family's lack of English proficiency and low socioeconomic status, and related challenges they experienced with accessing and navigating the healthcare and special education system. Lisa was referred to a multidisciplinary team, which included a native Cantonese-speaking speech-language pathologist (SLP), to determine the nature of this teenager's social challenges. The team's understanding of the layers of cultural influence on social development—overarching Chinese values, local Chinese community, and the family environment—played a key role in determining whether this teenager's social behaviors were acceptable in either the Chinese or mainstream American culture. Evaluation results shed light on this teenager's long-standing social interaction difficulties, and were consistent with a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). With this newly understood diagnosis, the family reported they felt relief in knowing how to best support their daughter.

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The paper mainly focuses on the selection of English discourses in the National College Entrance Examination papers of China in recent five years. It is found that there are four discourse types of application, narration, exposition and argumentation. The thematic contexts of the discourses in the papers involve the three categories of “man and self”, “man and society”, “man and nature”,which echoes The National English Curriculum Standard (2017 Edition and 2020 Revision). In the papers, Chinese traditional culture is strengthened and the source of material selection is not limited to Britain and the United States, but expanded to the other countries in the world. The general trend in discourse materials reflects that the scope of material selection is more extensive with more attention to Chinese excellent traditional culture and multi-culture of the world for assessing culture awareness of the students.

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Abstract In 1957, writing in Spanish, the Mexican poet Octavio Paz (1914–1998) published the first complete translation into a Western language of the famous travel diary Oku no Hosomichi (The Narrow Road to the Deep North, 1702) by Matsuo Bashō (1644–1694). A thoroughly revised second edition followed in 1970, which included freer translations of Bashō’s haikus. In this definite edition, Paz attempted to synthesize the poetic effect of Bashō’s work for a Latin American readership. By using a textual and archival-based approach, this article analyses Paz’s two Spanish versions against the Japanese original text and its intertextualizations of classical Chinese poetry and contextualizes the background behind the publication of these epoch-making translations. It highlights the textual refractions and translation issues that occur when East Asian literature circulates in the Global South and the transpacific literary networks that made these literary exchanges possible.

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ABSTRACTResearch in monolingual populations indicate that vocabulary knowledge is essential to reading achievement, but how vocabulary develops in bilingual children has been understudied. The current study investigated the role of home and school factors in predicting English vocabulary among 284 bilingual kindergartners (168 Chinese, 65 Malay, 51 Indian) in the multilingual context of Singapore. The Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test—Third Edition was administered in English and in translations into Mandarin, Malay, and Tamil. Home factors including caretaker language, television language, and mother tongue vocabulary were found to be significant predictors of English vocabulary, controlling for mother's years of education and family income. The curriculum emphasis of the kindergarten center was also found to be a significant predictor of English vocabulary.

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Introduction. The article examines the Chinese written source Xiyu wenjian lu 西域闻见录 (‘Record of Things Seen and Heard in the Western Regions’) by the Manchu official Qishiyi (Chunyuan) and its data on the history and ethnography of Central Asian peoples in the mid-to-late 18th century. Goals. The work seeks to introduce new data on the history of Central Asia contained in Xiyu wenjian lu, analyze various copies and versions of the written source, and provide new information about the author of the composition. Materials and methods. The study explores the Japanese woodblock print edition of 1801 and one modern Chinese edition of 2016, translates some extracts. The work considers various works by Russian and foreign authors regarding the written source, employs the generalizing and comparative research methods, while historical/chronological analysis proves instrumental in investigating certain interesting facts from Xiyu wenjian lu. Results. The paper introduces into scientific circulation new translations of extracts from Qishiyi’s work that significantly supplement and expand data presented in the famous work of N. Ya. Bichurin (Hyacinth) titled ‘Description of Dzungaria and East Turkestan in Ancient and Present Times’. The article contains the most famous copies and versions of Xiyu wenjian lu. The biography of the author is supplemented with new facts of his life that have remained little-known to Russian-speaking researchers. Conclusions. The revealed factual materials from Xiyu wenjian lu show that the work of Manchu official Qishiyi contains original data on historical geography, socioeconomic life of Central Asian peoples, and political situation in the region. Despite its fame, Xiyu wenjian lu is to be thoroughly explored since lots of historical accounts from this source remain unexplored.

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The article aims to analyze various illustrations of court case stories about Song dynasty judge Bao Zheng (包拯, also named as Bao-gong 包公, Bao Longtu 包龍圖, 999–1062), found in Qing woodblock editions of the novel and popular woodblock prints nianhua, in order to determine how tales about the famous incorruptible judge have been transformed in the visual culture of late imperial times. The authors discovered several woodblock editions of novels about Judge Bao-gong, or Bao Dragon-Design (Bao Longtu), in the St. Petersburg State University library including one illustrated edition and several non-illustrated ones. The State Hermitage and other Russian collections hold an impressive number of popular prints depicting scenes from the traditional drama based on Judge Bao stories, while only several of them refer directly to literary pieces, being mostly scenes from the plays. The protagonists are shown wearing theatrical make-up matching their theatrical character, Judge Bao is recognized by a black-colored face symbolizing his astuteness and uncorrupted nature. The article attempts to find connections between Shi Yukun’s 石玉昆 novel “The Three Heroes and Five Gallants” (Sanxiawuyi 三俠五義, 1879), the traditional drama plays and nianhua prints featuring Judge Bao, which proliferated in the late 19th — early 20th centuries. This research claims to define sources of various types of illustrations and clarify connections between book illustration, popular prints and drama.

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The activity of the Catholic missionary Matteo Ripa is placed here in the context of the Chinese rites controversy (CRC), a religious dispute regarding Christian tolerance of Chinese ancestral worship rituals. I trace the distortions in the literature by analyzing three versions of Ripa’s memoirs entitled Giornale. Contrary to a widespread view, Ripa was neither a Jesuit nor a professional artist. Ripa took an active part in the CRC and opposed the members of the Jesuit Order. Ripa’s memoirs, written upon his return from China, have become a truly real weapon in the struggle between Catholic organizations. The Jesuits prepared the first publication of Ripa’s Giornale (1832) that started shaping the image of Ripa. The editors removed all criticisms of the Jesuit activity in China. Additional distortions arise from the simplified and accessible English-language edition of Giornale (1844) that introduces Ripa as a traveling artist. I study the discrepancies between the versions of Giornale to conclude that misrepresentations of Ripa activity and position are related to his role in the CRC. Suggestion is drawn that the main reason for the distorted image of Matteo Ripa in academic literature was not Jesuit’s desire to change the text and the Ripa’s role in the CRC, as the interest of readers in a shortened and more exciting version of the Giornale of 1844. And the well-publicized activities of the Jesuits in the East contributed to the association of Ripa with this order.

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Objectives To summarise the acu-magnet therapy literature and determine if the evidence justifies further investigation of acu-magnet therapy for specific clinical indications. Methods Using various search strategies, a professional librarian searched six electronic databases (PubMed, AMED, Science Direct College Edition, China Academic Journals, Acubriefs, and the in-house Journal Article Index maintained by the Oregon College of Oriental Medicine Library). English and Chinese language human studies with all study designs and for all clinical indications were included. Excluded were experimental and animal studies, electroacupuncture and transcranial magnetic stimulation. Data were extracted on clinical indication, study design, number, age and gender of subjects, magnetic devices used, acu-magnet dosing regimens (acu-point site of magnet application and frequency and duration of treatment), control devices and control groups, outcomes, and adverse events. Results Three hundred and eight citations were retrieved and 50 studies met our inclusion criteria. We were able to obtain and translate (when necessary) 42 studies. The language of 31 studies was English and 11 studies were in Chinese. The 42 studies reported on 32 different clinical conditions in 6453 patients from 1986–2007. A variety of magnetic devices, dosing regimens and control devices were used. Thirty seven of 42 studies (88%) reported therapeutic benefit. The only adverse events reported were exacerbation of hot flushes and skin irritation from adhesives. Conclusions Based on this literature review we believe further investigation of acu-magnet therapy is warranted particularly for the management of diabetes and insomnia. The overall poor quality of the controlled trials precludes any evidence based treatment recommendations at this time.

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This article introduces a reprint made in Hanoi in 1772 of an undated Chinese edition, originally published in Nanjing, of The Precious Scroll of Incense Mountain (Xiangshan baojuan). This edition, called the “Nanjing redaction” in the article, was preserved only partially as a ritual manual in China. Yet it provides important evidence for determining the early date of production of the text. By comparing certain features in the Nanjing redaction and in other redactions that circulated in China, it can be established that the Nanjing redaction is the earliest known to us. Its significance within the history of the baojuan genre is discussed, with special attention paid to the unique form and content of the text. Cet article présente la réimpression, réalisée à Hanoï en 1772, d’une édition chinoise non datée, originellement publiée à Nankin, du Rouleau précieux de la Montagne de l’Encens (Xiangshan baojuan). Appelée “version de Nankin” dans l’article, cette édition n’a survécu que partiellement en Chine comme manuel de rituel. Elle fournit pourtant d’importants indices sur l’ancienneté de la composition du texte. En comparant certains aspects de la version de Nankin et d’autres versions ayant circulé en Chine, il est possible d’établir que la version de Nankin et la plus ancienne qui nous soit parvenue. Son importance dans l’histoire du genre baojuan fait l’objet d’un examen dans lequel une attention particulière est accordée à l’originalité de la forme et du contenu du texte.

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Three parallel editions of dhāraṇī-sūtras in Tangut, Chinese and Tibetan languages were published in the Tangut state in 1149. The Tibetan edition is of particular importance, because until recently specimens of printing in Tibetan, that could belong to an earlier date, have not been found anywhere. All the editions are equal in terms of their contents and contain the postscript written by the Emperor Renzong. The main goal of the article is to introduce the previously unpublished Tibetan text of the postscript in correspondence with the Tangut and Chinese versions. Besides, the article provides information about the study, preservation state, and codicology of all the three editions.

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Similar to many other countries, journalistic production in China during the first half of 2020 was dominated on a thematic level by the COVID-19 pandemic. The trend included the mouthpiece of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), Renmin Ribao. Its news and commentary articles, which are widely republished by other media, influence the country’s political life, and contribute to the process of meaning generation in the news discourse and to the CCP’s effort to align Chinese citizens to official narratives. Renmin Ribao can therefore provide a relevant source to investigate the relationship between political power and the COVID-19 pandemic, starting from the hypothesis that the paper’s narrative would aim at discursively turning the international health crisis into a piece of positive propaganda. This study aims to verify whether and how the paper did so, and to question the assumption that the outlet’s media discourse can be equated to the CCP official discourse. The research is developed as a case study and blends quantitative and qualitative tools grounded on Applied Linguistics, Discourse-Historical Approach, and Frame Analysis, in order to analyse a corpus of commentaries that have appeared in the outlet’s online edition in 2020. By applying a Genre Analysis approach, the study also offers insights into the possibility to identify distinguishing characteristics and communicative goals in the different sub-genres of Renmin Ribao commentaries.

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Purpose – This paper discusses the legislative process and necessity of China’s Personal Information Protection Law, examines the main contents of China’s Personal Information Protection Law, and studies its impact on Chinese and Korean enterprises. Thus, China’s future data protection legal system can be better understood. Design/Methodology/Approach – In October 2020, China convened the 13th National People’s Congress to deliberate and promulgate the draft Personal Information Protection Law of the People’s Republic of China 2020. The draft privacy law is China’s first specialized legislation on personal information protection, drawing global attention. Furthermore, president Xi Jinping made clear his commitment to protecting personal information by reiterating the need for “cyber security and personal information security for people” and “protecting their legitimate rights and interests in cyberspace” after the 2019 National Cyber Week. The Personal Information Protection Act of China was enacted on November 1, 2021, as personal information protection was also a real concern among the Chinese people in the highly information-oriented era. Findings – China already has an independent and unified Personal Information Protection Act, which officially promulgates and enforces the Personal Information Protection Act this year following cybersecurity, cybersecurity, and criminal law provisions. Furthermore, in October 2020, China began a full-fledged legislative process by releasing a draft Personal Information Protection Act and collecting opinions. Research Implications – China’s Personal Information Protection Act is expected to play an important role for Chinese companies and Korean companies with subsidiaries in China due to offshore applications. Therefore, it is necessary to continue to pay attention to the revision and enforcement rules of the Personal Information Protection Act so that Chinese and Korean companies can respond quickly after it is promulgated and enforced. Therefore, this paper summarizes the background of China’s Personal Information Protection Act and the main contents of the 2021 edition of the Personal Information Protection Act.

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The Book of Historical Documents (Shu jing) is an ancient Chinese written monument, a collection of addresses of the ruler to the subjects and of the subjects to the rulers. The philosophical meaning of Shu jing is that it mentions or refers to the issues of a broad ideological order. These brief references either gave life to philosophical ideas, or later, after appropriate interpretation, were used by the philosophers to authoritatively confirm their thoughts. The first complete Russian translation of Shu jing was done by Archimandrite Daniil (Dmitriy Petrovich Sivillov, 1789-1871) in the early 40s of the 19th century. The translation was undertaken, first and primarily, as a teaching material assigned to students of the Chinese Language Cathedra at the Kazan Imperial University. This cathedra was first one established in Russia and the second one in Europe. Archimandrite Daniel was its first head in 1837-1844. Unfortunately, the translator have never had a chance to publish his work. Sivillov for the first time in Russian and European Sinology used a purely Chinese commented edition of The Book . The canonical text used by Sivillov and later his followers was considered and understood through the prism of modern Neoconfucianism, which, in comparison with ancient and early medieval Confucianism, reinterpreted and significantly enriched the philosophical meaning of the Shu jing . In some points of understanding of the Neoconfucian interpretation of the ancient text, Archimandrite Daniil was not only ahead of, but also more successful than his later colleagues. The text of the previously unpublished Shu jing Chapter III Da Yu mo Russian translation by archimandrite Daniil is attached.

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Review of: Nola Cooke, Li Tana and James A. Anderson (eds), The Tongking Gulf through history. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011, x + 223 pp. [Encounters with Asia Series.] ISBN 9780812243369. Price: USD 59.95 (hardback). Derek Heng, Sino-Malay trade and diplomacy from the tenth through the fourteenth century. Athens: Ohio University Press, 2009, xiii + 286 pp. [Research in International Studies, Southeast Asia Series 121.] ISBN 9780896802711. Price: USD 28.00 (paperback). Hermann Kulke, K. Kesavapany and Vijay Sakhuja (eds), Nagapattinam to Suvarnadwipa: Reflections on the Chola naval expeditions to Southeast Asia. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2009, xxv + 337 pp. [Nalanda-Sriwijaya Series.] ISBN 9789812509365, price: USD 39.90 (hardback); 9789812309372, USD 59.90 (paperback). Pierre-Yves Manguin, A. Mani and Geoff Wade (eds), Early interactions between South and Southeast Asia: Reflections on cross-cultural exchange. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2011, xxxi + 514 pp. [Nalanda-Sriwijaya Series.] ISBN 9789814345101, price USD 49.90 (paperback); 9789814311168, USD 59.90 (hardback). [India Hardcover Edition co-published with Manohar Publishers and Distributors, India.] Geoff Wade and Sun Laichen (eds), Southeast Asia in the fifteenth century: The China factor. Singapore: NUS Press; Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2010, xii + 508 pp. ISBN 9789971694487. Price: USD 32.00.

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The paper studies connections between the illustrated lithographic edition of Pu Songling’s 蒲松齡 (1640–1715) “Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio with annotations, poems, and illustrations” (詳註聊齋誌異圖詠Xiangzhu liaozhai zhiyi tuyong, 1886), a collection of illustrations by Shanghai publishing house Tongwenshuju 同文書局 and several popular woodblock prints 年畫 nianhua found in Russian collections (Peter the Great Museum of Ethnography and Anthropology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, State Hermitage, Geographic Society) in order to learn how Pu Songling’s stories circulated in the society of late Qing China, and the perception of literature written in classical language by the wider public. The conclusions are that the aforementioned illustrated lithographic edition may have prompted creation of woodblock prints based on Pu Songling’s stories, where nianhua artists borrowed poetic inscriptions and composition of the lithographic illustrations. The small amount of such prints in comparison with those illustrating classical Ming-Qing novels such as Romance of The Three Kingdoms 三國演義, Journey to the West 西遊記, Dream of the Red Chamber 紅樓夢 allows to suggest that novels remained the favourite among the literati, while illiterate consumers of popular prints could appreciate their auspicious meaning more than the story. The fact that majority of the discovered nianhua pictures were produced at the oldest and largest printing shops in Yangliqing 楊柳青 – Dai lianzeng 戴廉增 and Qi jianlong 齊健隆 famous for their fine artistic quality proves that their customer base was mostly comprised of wealthier and more literate public.

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This study is primarily concerned with the background to "DerKreidekreis", Zemlinsky's setting of a Chinese drama by Alfred Henschke (pen name 'Klabund', 1890-1928). This was the last of Zemlinsky's stage works to be performed during his lifetime. Indeed, it was the last to be performed anywhere (apart from a solitary production at Nuremberg in 1955) until the slow revival of interest in his music. In terms of scholarship, Horst Weber's monograph, published in 1974, was the first landmark in this process, as well as the first-ever biography and academic study of Zemlinsky in any language. Unlike Schreker, who benefitedfrom three biographies by the time he was 43, Zemlinsky was given only a special issue of the Prague music journal Auftakt for his fiftieth birthday in 1921. A year later the Universal Edition house journal Ausbruch published three short tributes to Zemlinsky as composer (by Franz Werfel) as conductor (by Heinrich Jalowetz) and as teacher (by Erich Korngold) - certainly a distinguished trio. But the general accounts of contemporary music of the time, such as those by Rudolf Louis, Oscar Bie, H. J. Moser and Adolf Weissmann either refer fleetingly to Zemlinsky or ignore him altogether.

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The purpose of the article is to provide general background information about two national classification systems (CS), about which there have been practically no publications in Russian professional literature. The author gives the definition of national CS, adopted by the International Society for Knowledge Organization (ISKO) and talks about the typology categories of CS. The first part considers the Library Classification of the People's Republic of China (CLC). The history of its creation, the available variants and publications are sequentially analized. The distribution boundaries of CLC are shown, its structure and features are considered. CLC is a completely original system created by Chinese experts. The second part of the article analyzes the Decimal Classification of the Republic of Korea (KDC). Widespread in the world of DDC schedules were taken as the basis of the KDC many years ago. Some of the main classes were used unchanged, while others were completely rearranged so that Korea and Korean language were in the first places in the schedules. Similar changes were made to the religion class. KDC has only one option (the last 6th edition is in 3 volumes). It is considered national, but not used in all scientific libraries in South Korea. Knowledge of the classification practices of foreign countries is an indisputable indicator of our classification culture.

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Combining the communicative language competence model and the perspective of multimodal research, this research proposes a research framework for oral communicative competence under the multimodal perspective. This not only truly reflects the language communicative competence but also fully embodies the various contents required for assessment in the basic attributes of spoken language. Aiming at the feature sparseness of the user evaluation matrix, this paper proposes a feature weight assignment algorithm based on the English spoken category keyword dictionary and user search records. The algorithm is mainly based on the self-built English oral category classification dictionary and converts the user’s query vector into a user-English-speaking type vector. Through the calculation rules proposed in this paper, the target user’s preference score for a specific type of spoken English is obtained, and this score is assigned to the unrated item of the original user’s feature matrix as the initial starting score. At the same time, in order to solve the problem of insufficient user similarity calculation accuracy, a user similarity calculation algorithm based on “Synonyms Cilin Extended Edition” and search records is proposed. The algorithm introduces “Synonyms Cilin” to calculate the correlation between the semantic items, vocabulary, and query vector in the user query record to obtain the similarity between users and finally gives a user similarity calculation that integrates user ratings and query vectors method. For the task of Chinese grammar error correction, this article uses two methods of predicting the relationship between words in the corpus, Word2Vec and GloVe, to train the word vectors of different dimensions and use the word vectors to represent the text features of the experimental samples, avoiding sentences brought by word segmentation. On the basis of word vectors, the advantages and disadvantages of CNN, LSTM, and SVM models in this shared task are analyzed through experimental data. The comparative experiment shows that the method in this paper has achieved relatively good results.

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The uniqueness of Chinese makes Chinese language a hotspot in language learning. In view of the problem of wrongly written character teaching in Chinese language teaching, it provides a simple, convenient, and efficient input method of wrongly written characters and realizes a dynamic generation and editing system for wrongly written Chinese character font, which solves the problems of real-time edit, coding, and input of wrongly written character in editing process using dynamic editing technology, and provides a convenient input method of wrongly written character in editing, printing, typesetting, and the research of digital Chinese language teaching. This method can also be used in dynamic editing, generation and processing of ancient variants, Oracle bone inscriptions, Bronze inscription, folk combined characters, and other fonts.

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Abstract In this chapter, I examine the use of mercury with a special focus on its application as an ingredient in antisyphilitic medicines and therapies in a selection of medieval Persian scientific texts that represent either the earliest or the most influential works of their genre. Works examined include the earliest Persian pharmacological work, written by Abū Manṣūr Muwaffaq between 965 and 975 CE, which mentions mercury as a medicine against skin diseases and “killed mercury” (zībaq-i kušta) Since there is no generally accepted transliteration of Persian, the system of the Swiss library network IDS is used, which is based on the ISO standard. Vowels are transliterated with their premodern values ā, ī, ū, a, i, u (without considering maǧhūl vowels ē and ō); in modern pronounciation they are/a/,/i/,/u/,/a/,/e/,/o/respectively. as a poison; a general work on medicine written by Bahāʾ ad-Dawla Rāzī in 1501–2 CE, in which syphilis is described for the first time in Asia; a chapter from the Ǧāmiʿ al-fawāʾid (c.1511 CE) by Yūsufī, the earliest Persian work in which mercury plays an unmistakenly dominant role in the treatment of syphilis; and finally, the first Persian monograph on syphilis, written by Imād al-Dīn Maḥmūd Shīrāzī in the mid-sixteenth century, which lists recipes the author claims are derived from Chinese and European sources. This article will furthermore provide the first complete translation into a European language of Yūsufi’s chapter on syphilis in the Ǧāmiʿ al-fawāʾid, together with an edition of the Persian text.

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Abstract This study explores the interaction effect between source text (ST) complexity and machine translation (MT) quality on the task difficulty of neural machine translation (NMT) post-editing from English to Chinese. When investigating human effort exerted in post-editing, existing studies have seldom taken both ST complexity and MT quality levels into account, and have mainly focused on MT systems used before the emergence of NMT. Drawing on process and product data of post-editing from 60 trainee translators, this study adopted a multi-method approach to measure post-editing task difficulty, including eye-tracking, keystroke logging, quality evaluation, subjective rating, and retrospective written protocols. The results show that: 1) ST complexity and MT quality present a significant interaction effect on task difficulty of NMT post-editing; 2) ST complexity level has a positive impact on post-editing low-quality NMT (i.e., post-editing task becomes less difficult when ST complexity decreases); while for post-editing high-quality NMT, it has a positive impact only on the subjective ratings received from participants; and 3) NMT quality has a negative impact on its post-editing task difficulty (i.e., the post-editing task becomes less difficult when MT quality goes higher), and this impact becomes stronger when ST complexity increases. This paper concludes that both ST complexity and MT quality should be considered when testing post-editing difficulty, designing tasks for post-editor training, and setting fair post-editing pricing schemes.

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a very personal story. [this ‘language biography’ is written by a younger academic who teaches in a well-known mainland chinese university, who grew up in a time of great difficulty and change, in which he often felt caught between ideologies, cultures, languages, and literatures, in the course of which however english became a deeply personal possession. in order to retain the authentic voice of the text, editorial ‘smoothing out’ has been kept to a minimum. – editor.]

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Abstract This study examines similarities and differences between English and Chinese letters to the editor on newspapers from the perspectives of contrastive rhetoric and genre theory. Generic structures, rhetorical structures, and logico-semantic relations of 20 letters to the editor (10 in Chinese and 10 in English) were examined in detail. Findings of this study include: 1) there was often an editor’s preview (i.e. a brief introduction to the letters written by editors) in Chinese letters to the editor in this study; 2) Appeals to values and needs were used to support their claims in Chinese letters to the editor, whereas English writers employed evidence to do this. The study suggests that ‘evidence’ and ‘appeals to values and need’ are deeply rooted in the two cultures and societies, and hence find their place in the writers’ texts; 3) consequential and additive logico-semantic relations were often used in both the Chinese and the English letters, however, consequential relations were more frequently used in the Chinese letters to the editor than in the English ones. All the findings are discussed in relation to the different writing styles and the socio-cultural values of each culture.

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This study focuses on the collective remembering of an ancient system of meaning, examining content and changes in the construction of Confucianism in Chinese textbooks. The data consists of 84 editions of Chinese language teaching textbooks published by the People’s Education Press from 1949 to 2019. Content analysis shows that Confucianism is and was barely represented in this corpus. Thematic analysis shows that: (i) Only Confucius and Mencius were recognized as Confucian masters. (ii) Representations of Confucianism in the textbooks come from The Analects, Mencius, The Book of Rites, and The Book of Poetry, all of which are more than 2000 years old. (iii) Except for the 1970s, Confucianism was represented in a positive or at least neutral way. (iv) Confucianism is represented in a distant, abstract, decontextualized, and apolitical way, disconnected from students’ daily life. This gives insight into how a core representation stripped of its peripheral elements can lose meaning, and lose its normative influence on behavior. Contributions to collective memory, and implications for how to edit Chinese language textbooks to be more engaging are discussed.

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Dear Editor, I am happy to announce that “The Laryngectomee Guide” Philippine Edition is available now in paperback and eBook. The eBook is FREE. The translation from English to Tagalog was supervised by Professor Alfredo Pontejos Jr. from the University of the Philippines, Philippine General Hospital, Manila. The Guide provides practical information that can assist laryngectomees with medical, dental and psychological issues. It contains information about side effects of radiation and chemotherapy; methods of speaking; airway, stoma, and voice prosthesis care; eating and swallowing; medical, dental and psychological concerns; respiration; anesthesia; and travelling. The American Academy of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery made the English edition available for free download on their website: http://www.entnet.org/content/laryngectomee-guide The e-book of the Philippine version of the Guide is available free at: http://bit.ly/2ILzesc Paperback copies of the Guide are available at: http://bit.ly/39IDwvC The guide is also available in 20 additional languages - English, Russian, Turkish, Greek, Italian, Bulgarian, Romanian, Bosnian, Arabic, Spanish (4 styles), Portuguese, French, Persian (Farsi), Korean, Japanese, Indonesian and traditional and simplified Chinese: https://dribrook.blogspot.com/2018/08/the-laryngectomee-guide-is-available-in.html I hope that the Guide would be helpful to laryngectomees and their medical providers in the Philippines.

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-Timothy Barnard, J.M. Gullick, A history of Selangor (1766-1939). Kuala Lumpur: Malaysian branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1989, vi + 220 pp. [MBRAS Monograph 28.] -Okke Braadbaart, Michael L. Ross, Timber booms and institutional breakdown in Southeast Asia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001, xvi + 237 pp. -H.J.M. Claessen, Patrick Vinton Kirch ,Hawaiki, ancestral Polynesia; An essay in historical anthropology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001, xvii + 375 pp., Roger C. Green (eds) -Harold Crouch, R.E. Elson, Suharto; A political biography. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001, xix + 389 pp. -Kees van Dijk, H.W. Arndt ,Southeast Asia's economic crisis; Origins, lessons, and the way forward. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian studies, 1999, ix + 182 pp., Hal Hill (eds) -Kees van Dijk, Sebastiaan Pompe, De Indonesische algemene verkiezingen 1999. Leiden: KITLV Uitgeverij, 1999, 290 pp. -David van Duuren, Albert G. van Zonneveld, Traditional weapons of the Indonesian archipelago. Leiden: Zwartenkot art books, 2001, 160 pp. -Peter van Eeuwijk, Christian Ph. Josef Lehner, Die Heiler von Samoa. O Le Fofo; Monographie über die Heiler und die Naturheilmethoden in West-Samoa. Frankfurt am Main: Lang, 1999, 234 pp. [Mensch und Gesellschaft 4.] -Hans Hägerdal, Frans Hüsken ,Reading Asia; New research of Asian studies. Richmond: Curzon, 2001, xvi + 338 pp., Dick van der Meij (eds) -Terence E. Hays, Jelle Miedema ,Perspectives on the Bird's head of Irian Jaya, Indonesia; Proceedings of the conference, Leiden, 13-17 October 1997. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1998, xiii + 982 pp. (editors with the assistance of Connie Baak), Cecilia Odé, Rien A.C. Dam (eds) -Menno Hekker, Peter Metcalf, They lie, we lie; Getting on with anthropology. London: Routledge, 2002, ix + 155 pp. -David Henley, Foong Kin, Social and behavioural aspects of malaria control; A study among the Murut of Sabah. Phillips, Maine: Borneo research council , 2000, xx + 241 pp. [BRC Occasional paper 1.] -Gerrit Knaap, Frédéric Mantienne, Les relations politiques et commerciales entre la France et la péninsule Indochinoise (XVIIe siècle). Paris: Les Indes Savantes, 2001, 395 pp. -Uli Kozok, James T. Collins, Malay, world language; A short history. Second edition. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan bahasa dan pustaka, 2000, xii + 101 pp. -Nathan Porath, Hoe Ban Seng, Semalai communities at Tasek Bera; A study of the structure of an Orang Asli society. [A.S. Baer and R. Gianno, eds.] Subang Jaya, Malaysia: Centre for Orang Asli concerns, 2001, xii + 191 pp. -Nathan Porath, Narifumi Maeda Tachimoto, The Orang Hulu; A report on Malaysian orang asli in the 1960's. [A.S. Baer, ed.] Subang Jaya, Malaysia: Centre for Orang Asli concerns, 2001, xiv + 104 pp. -Martin Ramstedt, Raechelle Rubinstein ,Staying local in the global village; Bali in the twentieth century. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 1999, xiii + 353 pp., Linda H. Connor (eds) -Albert M. Salamanca, Thomas R. Leinbach ,Southeast Asia: diversity and development. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2000, xiii + 594 pp., Richard Ulack (eds) -Heather Sutherland, Muhamad Hisyam, Caught between three fires; The Javanese pangulu under the Dutch colonial administration, 1882-1942. Jakarta: Indonesian-Netherlands cooperation in Islamic studies (INIS), 2001, 331 pp. [Seri INIS 37.] -Heather Sutherland, Roderich Ptak, China's seaborne trade with South and Southeast Asia (1200-1750). Aldershot: Ashgate, 1999, xii + 366 pp. [Variorum collected studies series CS638.] -Sikko Visscher, M. Jocelyn Armstrong ,Chinese populations in contemporary Southeast Asian societies. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon, 2001, xiv + 268 pp., R. Warwick Armstrong, Kent Mulliner (eds) -Reed Wadley, Clifford Sather, Seeds of play, words of power; An ethnographic study of Iban shamanic chants. Kuching: Tun Jugah foundation, 2001, xvii + 753 pp. [Borneo classic series 5.] -Boris Wastiau, Raymond Corbey, Tribal art traffic; A chronicle of taste, trade and desire in colonial and post-colonial times. Amsterdam: Royal Tropical Institute, 2000, 255 pp. -Willem G. Wolters, Wong Kwok-Chu, The Chinese in the Philippine economy, 1898-1941. Quezon city: Ateneo de Manila University Press, 1999, xvi + 279 pp. -Volker Grabowsky, Stephen Mansfield, Lao hill tribes; Traditions and patterns of existence. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000, vii + 91 pp. -Volker Grabowsky, Jean Michaud, Turbulent times and enduring people; Mountain minorities in the South-East Asian Massif. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon, 2000, xiii + 255 pp. -Volker Grabowsky, Jane Richard Hanks ,Tribes of the northern Thailand frontier. (with a foreword by Nicola Tannenbaum), New Haven, CT: Yale University Southeast Asia studies, 2001, xlviii + 319 pp. [Monograph 51.], Lucien Mason Hanks (eds)

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The study aims to investigate how pre-editing based on controlled Chinese rules can be an effective approach to improving Chinese-to-English machine translation (MT) output. Based on the analysis of comparable texts, and by considering the rules of modern business writing and the differences in sentence structure between Chinese and English languages, four controlled Chinese rules for product description text are proposed: 1. Every sentence should have an explicit subject; 2. There are no repetitive complimentary expressions; 3. Sentences should be short; and 4. The Chinese sentence structure should be complete, with clear logical relationships within and between sentences. In accordance with the four rules, five corresponding pre-editing methods are introduced. Then, taking Xiaomi Air2 SE earphones' product description as an experimental text, the study examines the influence of pre-editing in accordance with controlled Chinese rules on MT output quality. The results show that such pre-editing can significantly improve MT output in dimensions of adequacy, fluency, and style.